Abstract: Efficient routing is a critical challenge in Internet of Things (IoT) networks due to the vast number of interconnected devices. This paper presents a hybrid approach that combines Particle ...

Abstract: One of the key functions of the internet is packet routing of data. A routing protocol outlines the channel of communication between routers that is utilized to connect networks. Numerous ...

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Learn how gradient descent really works by building it step by step in Python. No libraries, no shortcuts—just pure math and code made simple.

Learn how to implement the Adadelta optimization algorithm from scratch in Python. This tutorial explains the math behind Adadelta, why it was introduced as an improvement over Adagrad, and guides you ...